Tibet

The Tibet is an autonomous region of southwestChina , located in Central Asia and its capital Lhasa. Set high elevation land (over 4,500 m ), surrounded by high altitude mountain ranges on Earth. In the Western concept "Tibet" can refer tothe Tibet Autonomous Region or TAR (anadministrative subdivision of the People's Republic of China ), or historical Tibet consisting of the provinces of Amdo , Kham and U-Tsang .

The majority language is Tibetan . In Tibet is the highest peak in the world, the Qomolangma (8848 masl), British name "Everest", on the border withNepal . ¹

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[ edit ]History

Main article: History of Tibet .

Little is known of Tibet before the seventh century .From this century to the tenth century Tibet was an independent country where land was owned by noble families, Buddhist monasteries and small landowners. This form of partnership lasted until1930 . At that time 700,000 people were slaves in a total population of 1.5 million inhabitants.

In the thirteenth century Tibet was dominated by theMongol Empire , founding the Yuan and Ching, joining native Ming dynasty, founded by the Han .The Mongol rulers gave great autonomy secular school of Sa-skya of Tibetan Buddhism. For three centuries Tibet remained governed by secular dynasties. In the sixteenth century , Altan Khan of the Mongol tribe Turnet, gave support to the government's religious Dalai Lama , Buddhism remains the dominant religion among Mongols and Tibetans. In the seventeenth century the Jesuit António de Andrade managed to cross the Himalayan mountains and penetrate Tibet, becoming the first European to do so.

In the early eighteenth century China Chinese sent a commissioner to Lhasa to take over the government. Tibetan factions rebelled against the commissioner, who was murdered. Later Qing army invaded Tibet and defeated the rebels, reinstalling another commissioner. Two thousand Chinese soldiers remained in Tibet and his defensive work was supported by local forces organized by the commissioner.

In 1904 the British sent a strong military contingent and invaded Lhasa, forcing in this way the opening of the border between India (then a British colony) and Tibet. In 1906 the British signed a treaty with China whereby Tibet became a British protectorate.

In 1907 a new treaty was signed between Great Britain , China and Russia which was given to China's sovereignty over Tibet. In 1910 the central Qing first exercised direct rule over Tibet.

[ edit ]Independent Tibet (1912-1950)

In 1911 the proclamation of the Republic in China forced the Chinese troops stationed in Tibet to return, they seized the opportunity Dalai Lama to restore its control over Tibet and declare independence. In 1913 Tibet and Mongolia signed an agreement recognizing each other's independence from China.

In 1914 a treaty was negotiated between China , Tibet and Britain called Simla Convention . During this convention the British invaders tried to divide Tibet into two regions, which was unsuccessful.But representatives of Tibet and Britain signed an agreement on the back of China, by which Britain recognized the independence of Tibet and in return the British would be awarded 90,000 square kilometers of traditional Tibetan territory that corresponds to the current state of Arunachal Pradesh. After declared the independence of India , the nation considered this region for himself according to the boundary set out in that treaty. China, however, rejected this position, stating that the treaty had no validity because it was not signed by them and not Tibet was an independent nation, but a protectorate of China. The dispute over the region caused the war between China and India in 1962.

At the outbreak of Xinhai Revolution and World War Tibet lost interest for the Western powers and China. At this juncture the thirteenth Dalai Lama of Tibet took the government without interference from other countries.

[ edit ]Tibet joined the People's Republic of China

In 1950 the People's Liberation Army invaded Tibet Chinese, easily defeating the Tibetan army weak. In 1951 they drafted the Plan for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, which was signed by representatives of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama under pressure from the Chinese government. This plan provided for the administration of the Chinese government with the government of Tibet. At that time the majority of Tibetans living under bondage because most of the land was owned by lamas. The plan was implemented but not all over, because the regions of Eastern Kham and Amdo were considered Chinese provinces, carrying out a radical reform of land tenure. In June of 1956 as a result of this reform, a rebellion broke out in these two regions, which, backed by the CIA U.S., spread to Lhasa .

The factions of Tibetans loyal to the Dalai Lama, especially those who supported the feudaltheocracy Lamaist , began in Lhasa on March 10 of 1959 , the Tibetan National Uprising with the largest demonstration in the history of this country to demand independence. The Chinese army succeeded in crushing the rebellion, in military actions that caused the death of thousands of Tibetans. Tens of thousands of people were exiled and the fourteenth Dalai Lama and his top aides fled to India, where rebels continued to support actions against the Chinese army until 1969 when he left to help the CIA and other powers occidenciales also collaborated.

Although the Panchen Lama was virtually imprisoned in Lhasa, the Chinese showed him as the head of Tibet's government in the absence of the Dalai Lama, who traditionally had been the ruler of the region. In 1965 China introduced substantial changes when dispossessed of land to the lamas and secular education introduced.

During the Cultural Revolution in China Red Guards entered Tibet suffered serious damage to itscultural heritage , including its Buddhist heritage. Thousands of Buddhist temples and monasteries were destroyed and many monks were killed. ²

In 1979 religious freedom is restored (many Buddhist monasteries reopened its doors), but the conditions and limitations are important as banning the lamas who question China's right to rule Tibet.

During the following years, the Dalai Lama has sought the support of the UN , which issued the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1959 , 1961 and 1965 , calling on China to respect the human rights of the Tibetan people and their desire for self-determination . For 1988 , the Dalai Lama changed their demands with the intention of reaching an agreement and proposed the creation of a democratic Tibet and self-government, in partnership with the Republic of China.

In 1988 there was a wave of protests that led to violent actions that were harshly suppressed by the then Chinese Communist Party chief in Tibet, Hu Jintao .

In 1989 the Panchen Lama died, and the Dalai Lama and the Chinese government recognized different reincarnations. Respecting the religion of the Tibetans, the Chinese government officially recognized the reincarnation of the Panchen Lama, according to tradition Vajrayana Buddhist. To do this they used the procedure used in the Qing dynasty by which the Panchen Lama was chosen in a lottery using a golden urn where the name of the Panchen Lama possible balls were inserted into barley. Meanwhile the Dalai Lama named Gedhun Choeky Nyima as the eleventh Panchen Lama, while the Chinese government chose Gyancain boy named Norbu. Gyancain raised in Beijing and very rarely appears in public. Choeky and his family, according to Tibetan exiles, seem to be prisoners. The Chinese government says it is free under a false identity in order to protect your privacy.

[ edit ]Tibet from Beijing Olympics 2008

In March 2008 a revolt broke out with a number of victims to be determined. The unrest began when Tibetans attacked shops and people of Han (the majority in China). As a result of these disturbances, some countries raised the possibility of not going to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, as with the French leader Nicolas Sarkozy . Sarkozy himself had to backtrack on his statements when a consumer strike got in trouble at the wholesale chain Carrefour in China.

Hosting the Olympic Games in Beijing during the 2008 protests acid generated by Tibetans and Tibetan sympathizers worldwide. Police in countries with large numbers of Tibetan refugees asIndia and Nepal had to maintain order over the protests. In Japan , a country where more than 98% of the population is Buddhist, there were massive pro-Tibetan protests against the arrival of Chinese President Hu Jintao . ³ In 2012 the Japanese parliamentarians submitted a resolution urging China to stop repression motivated in Tibet Tibetan leader's visit to the Kalon Tripa Parlmento his meeting with Japanese and other parliamentarians, religious leaders and former prime ministers ^{in April}

In addition to the support shown by the Japanese, then-presidential candidate Barack Obamaasked President George W. Bush not to attend the Beijing Olympics if the Chinese government does conversing with the Dalai Lama, President of France Nicolas Sarkozy and the Secretary General of the United Nations , Ban Ki-Moon did not attend the opening of the Olympic Games ., ⁵also had a statement issued by 12 Chinese intellectuals who supported the autonomy of Tibet and Beijing requesting the government to stop the ethnic conflict. ⁶

However, some countries have also expressed support for China, for example, Russia did not allow the Dalai Lama into the country until 2004 despite protests from China, thus the third largest religious community in Russia is Buddhist , that is majority in several Russian republics. ⁷ Similarly, the president of Costa Rica , Dr. Oscar Arias , was refused entry to the Dalai Lama in 2008 to avoid disrupting relations with China ^August⁹ despite protests by the Buddhist community Costa Rica.

In 2009 , the Dalai Lama at the invitation of the government visited Taiwan , a mainly Buddhist country and which is claimed by China as part of its territory, to pray for the victims of the recent hurricanes, which kindled the wrath of the Chinese government which considered provocation. The Dalai Lama said his work was purely humanitarian and religious. ¹⁰

In March 2010 began a new form of protest ( burn to bonzo ) against the repression that many Tibetans suffer as their culture and their religion. Between then and the end of May 2012 had slainat least 32 people in three provinces of China which have a large Tibetan population ( Sichuan ,Qinghai and Gansu ), but not in the same Tibet, which had died at least 27, according to advocacy groups for the rights of Tibetans. On Sunday 27 May 2012 saw the first immolations inside Tibet when two people were burned in the capital bonzo Lasha , near the temple of Johkang , sparking a wave of arrests in Lhasa in the following days. According to Radio Free Asia, Middle linked to the U.S. government that has service in Tibetan, were arrested about 600 people among which are several suspects immolations have recorded with their mobile phones. That same station reported on Wednesday May 30 a woman of 33 years burned to bonzo near a monastery Buddhist Aba (province of Sichuan ). ² has also been immolations of Tibetan exiles outside China as the one that occurred in New Delhi in March 2012 .

[ edit ]Division

There is a prefecture-level city: Lhasa -seven prefectures.

#	Name	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Tibetan Language	Wylie	Type

1	Ngari	阿里地区	Ālǐ Diqu	མངའ་རིས་ས་ཁུལ་	Mnga' Sa-khul-ris	Prefecture
2	Nagqu	那曲地区	Naqu Diqu	ནག་ཆུ་ས་ཁུལ་	Nag-chu Sa-khul	Prefecture
3	Qamdo	昌都地区	Changdu Diqu	ཆབ་མདོ་ས་ཁུལ་	Chab-mdo Sa-khul	Prefecture
4	Xigazê	日喀则地区	Rikaze Diqu	གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་ས་ཁུལ་	Gzhis-ka-Sa-khul RTSE	Prefecture
5	Lhasa	拉萨市	LASA Shì	ལྷ་ས་གྲོང་ཁྱེར་	Lha-sa-khyer Grong	Prefecture-level city
6	Shannan	山南地区	Shannan Diqu	ལྷོ་ཁ་ས་ཁུལ་	Lho-kha Sa-khul	Prefecture
7	Nyingchi	林芝地区	Linzhi Diqu	ཉིང་ཁྲི་ས་ཁུལ་	Nying-Sa-khul Khri	Prefecture

[ edit ]Geography and ecosystem

Historic Tibet consisted of 2.5 million km ² at an average altitude of over 4,000 m

Currently, Tibet is divided into three provinces: Amdo (in the northeast), Kham (the easternmost) and U-Tsang (southwest).

The Tibetan landscape is breathtaking. Rivers are born in Tibet as the Brahmaputra (Tsangpo in Tibet), the Yangtze (drichu) or Indo (Senge Khabab). Currently there is a serious problem with the location of nuclear waste in Tibet and with the massive deforestation that is taking place in the area.We also noticed a strong exploitation of mineral resources. The great danger is that Tibetan ecosystem is valuable but, at the same time, extremely delicate and fragile.

Cultivated grains such as wheat, corn or barley. They also grow mustard, cabbage, cauliflower, coriander, potato, rice, sugar beet and snuff among others.

In Tibet grow fruit trees such as apple and cherry trees and others like chestnut and walnut, to name a few. A widely cultivated plant is undoubtedly tea (in its many varieties). Many of the plants that grow there are used for medicine, as there are more than two thousand of them to treat cancer, ulcers, malaria, diabetes, anemia, tuberculosis.

Lots of variety of animals: 40 endemic species of mammals, 23 birds, 2 reptiles and 10 amphibians.Some are: the yak , the Tibetan antelope , bear giant panda , the red panda and the Himalayan marmot . Most of the Tibetan wildlife is concentrated in the wetter areas of the east and south.

The biodiversity of the Tibetan Plateau has unique characteristics, but it is not easy to measure the level of degradation due to restrictions for independent measurement. Radical changes in the natural environment could affect the Tibetan monsoon -dependent crops of India, Nepal, Thailand, Burma, China and other Asian countries, and which originates in Tibet. This is very important for Tibetans ^{[ citation needed ]} .

[ edit ]Communications and Infrastructure

Books and newspapers can be purchased and written Tibetan language there are several radio and television channels in this language. In 2007 he opened the first TV station that broadcasts 24 hours a day in Tibetan.

Chinese investments in the autonomous province have grown dramatically and this has resulted in the construction of roads, airports, power plants, bridges and railways. In 2007 began transtibetano railway operations, which has brought thousands of new tourists to Lhasa, not without controversy by religious sectors.

[ edit ]Economy

Tibet's economy has traditionally been based on traditional activities such as agriculture, livestock, wool spinning, forestry and handicrafts. Have recently been discovered in Tibet modest deposits of copper, lead, zinc, chromium, gold, aluminum and oil, which has caused several companies, both domestic and foreign are interested in doing more extensive studies in the area. Tibet also has one of only five sites of lithium in the world, used in medical equipment, heavy industry and recently in electric car batteries and mobile computing devices, making it a strategic site.

[ edit ]Drink

Main article: Cuisine of Tibet .

Because of the high altitude and harsh environmental conditions of Tibet, its cuisine is very rich in calories, proteins and fats. The daily diet of Tibetan nomads is based on two energy-rich foods: thetsampa , usually consisting of roasted barley flour fire, and Tibetan tea (CHAS), which is tea with butter and salt yak. Other dishes are prepared, for example, the thukpa (vegetable soup, meat and pasta) and momo (pasta shaped ravioli-sized larger than a kibble-stuffed with meat or vegetables, steamed facts) and the khabse (biscuits). Also eat yak meat, sheep or goat. Also take advantage of the milk to make lassi , yogurt smoothie and a little honey with beef.

[ edit ]Language

Main article: Tibetan Language .

Education is bilingual and simultaneously Tibetan children learn Mandarin Chinese and Tibetan. In the Tibetan language, the words are usually monosyllabic although a suffix is added if it is normally called masculine, feminine, plural, verb, etc.. The Tibetan alphabet comes from the time of KingSongtsen Gampo . This king (who introduced Buddhism to Tibet) sent a group of scholars to India to study Buddhist texts and translated into the Tibetan language. Moreover, these scholars should study in detail the Indian alphabets. They chose the brahmi and modifying it, created the Tibetan alphabet.

[ edit ]Buddhism

Young monks at Drepung monastery.

Main article: Tibetan Buddhism .

Mahayana Buddhism entered Tibet by Guru Rinpoche in the eighth century . Before there was the tradition Bön .With the rise of Buddhism, the ancient tradition almost disappeared, although it was later recovered and was founded 300 monasteries. Part of the belief created Bön Tibetan Buddhism. The Mahayana or Great Vehicle search is not limited to personal liberation, but aims to expand the knowledge gained and show the way to all beings. This vehicle takes different forms in different cultures: the Zen inJapan , the Tantra or Vajrayana in Tibet.

[ edit ]See also

[ edit ]References

Laird, Thomas (2008). history of Tibet. Conversations with the Dalai Lama . Barcelona: Editorial Paidós. ISBN 978-84-493-2116-0 .
Harrer, Heinrich. Seven Years in Tibet . Ediciones B, Spain. ISBN 84-406-7026-5 .

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tibet

Tibet

Content

[ edit ]History

[ edit ]Independent Tibet (1912-1950)

[ edit ]Tibet joined the People's Republic of China

[ edit ]Tibet from Beijing Olympics 2008

[ edit ]Division

[ edit ]Geography and ecosystem

[ edit ]Communications and Infrastructure

[ edit ]Economy

[ edit ]Drink

[ edit ]Language

[ edit ]Buddhism

[ edit ]See also

[ edit ]References

[ edit ]References